العولمة
Globalization
Globalization is one of the most important contemporary global changes in every sense of the realities and illusions, and to a large extent in the cultural and economic changes brought about by globalization make a lot of thinkers expect a profound changes in university education systems, and to increase awareness of other cultures, and are features of globalization in the new phenomena.
Of the most important globalization programs that apply to developing countries, which are programs called economic correction of the abolition of basic food subsidies (eyeballs rice, flour, sugar and milk), and the removal of subsidies for higher education, and the reduction of customs duties on goods and materials are not of interest to the poor, and the imposition of additional taxes, and affected them the poor, not the rich, such as sales tax, and the removal of subsidies for transport services, and to allow 100% ownership of the project, the head of the foreign investor.
Allow the government to sell public sector shares (under the name of research for a strategic partner) and this represents a threat to the national economy in developing countries, particularly foreign capital control over natural resources.
The private sector shift in developing countries to a Kimberodoresmth monopoly business and expansion), who this device profit even at the expense of the development of developing societies, and globalization has led to high indebtedness in the world, developing into three or four or five times, doubled the number of unemployed and the private college graduates.
As well as working to bring down the stable rules of international relations in which these relations come under the direct supervision of the United States of America began a policy. As well as increasing the worsening political and economic crises in many areas such as the Arab region.
As well as the marginalization and organizations such as the weakening of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of African countries, the Arab League, the Organization of the Islamic countries, and all regional organizations that arose during the cold war era.
The goals of globalization:
Access to the global open market, without customs duties or physical limitations or ethnic Insulators barriers, no access to make the world a single unit, and achieve security in order to address any threat to the world public stability, and deepen the sense of human humanity up to the human world where breathe new vision effective for all Humans races of altered and their peoples and states.
The objectives and characteristics of globalization:
The multinational companies control the world economies as they try to shortcut some 30,000 multinational company to 500 large companies around the world. Revenue of these companies equivalent to about 41% of the world's total production, and that 424 of these companies are owned by the Group of Seven major industrialized nations (United States, Japan, Canada, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy), globalization of the most important characteristics of political control , military and economic control over the means of communication and modern technology, (the National Security Agency in the United States of spying on about 35 of the leaders in the world and more than 60 million phone call, including European countries and this sparked angry reactions from European countries, led by German Prime Minister Angela Merkel where she was the target of espionage since 2002 and until 2010.
The effects of globalization on the sovereignty of the state in the political system in developing countries, is a system that marginalized according to American hegemony conditions that made the state's role in the developing world (third world) is limited to the security aspect for the protection of capitalist interests, see also the decline of the national and social state, and increase Alkimberodorah interests under the name of openness and privatization, which led to the disintegration of national links and near-collapse of the internal community, which is expressed in re renewal of manifestations of underdevelopment, and the emergence of extreme poverty gaps.
The results arising from the integration of developing countries in the globalization indicate an increase in the debt of countries Namay balance dramatically than 2,200 billion dollars in 1997, it reached nearly $ 2.5 trillion in 2004.
Food secure:
My contract in the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, he received an overlap between the concept of food security with the concept of self-sufficiency, which turned out however that the full-time self-sufficiency is possible.
Food safety, which represents all the necessary conditions and standards during production, processing and storage operations and the preparation of food during production, processing and storage operations and the preparation of food to ensure that food is safe and suitable for human consumption.
The subject of food shortages depends on the economic interdependence between the community and the area, and the family is determined by maturity in food as a result of:
First, the balance of the land owned
Second: the source and availability of technological knowledge among workers in the ground
Third, price fixing
Malthus 1798
Thomas Robert Malthus 1766 - 1834, is a researcher population political and economic English.
An Essay on the Principles of Population
The views of Malthus on population and the inevitable shortage of food for the population increase, considering that population increases according to geometric progression, while agricultural production increases in accordance with the arithmetic progression, which will inevitably lead to lack of food and housing.
Globalization is the globalization of the most important contemporary global
changes in every sense of the realities and manifestations and illusions and the
risk seems to a large extent in the economic and cultural changes brought about
by globalization has made some thinkers expect a profound changes in university education systems in the light of globalization, and emphasizes Some of the
proposals to increase the awareness of other cultures and others advocated the need to preserve the cultural identity, privacy civilization in light of this open world and the phenomenon of globalization is not a new phenomenon, as the human
civilization throughout history are expanding and are displayed at the same time in a state of permanent transition from and site to another site.
This makes the planet on which we live is shrinking, and may be a natural thing.
But now there are two words in the competition to express this sense (the word and the word of the constellation of globalization) and The features of globalization in the recent period in three new phenomena made it a new concept and these phenomena are: -
1 - economic developments
2 - generally technological developments, and technological developments in the field of media, particularly
3 - the dilemma of democracy in the Third World
The emergence of globalization: -
History scientists say that globalization is not a new phenomenon but the early beginnings dating back to the end of the sixteenth century with the start of Western colonization process for Asia, Europe and the Americas and then coupled with the evolution of the modern trading system in Europe which led to the birth of the synaptic and complex global system known as universal then After that globalization
Globalization is only a new word for an old phenomenon originated in the world has become a village in the volume of electronic intertwined small satellite, and satellite communications, and international TV channels
And some researchers believe that there are four basic processes of globalization and are straight:
1 - the competition between the great powers
2 - technological innovation
3 - The spread of globalization of production and exchange
4 - update
And formulate a precise definition of globalization issue a daunting look due to the multiplicity of tariffs, which mainly affected Banhyazat ideological researchers, and Atjahthm about globalization rejection Ooukbola and there are those who believe that globalization is an ongoing process every day reveals a new face of the developed their faces, and that the drafting of a comprehensive definition of globalization must keep in mind three operations expose its core is: -
1 - The first relates to the spread of the process so that information becomes available to all people
2 - The second process related to dissolving the border between the states
3 - The third process is the increasing similarity between universities and communities and institutions and all rates of these processes may lead to negative results for some communities and to positive results relative to each other.
F. However there is the so-called economic globalization and political globalization, and there are so-called cultural globalization
The concept of globalization Globalization: -
We grew the concept or the term of globalization in the last decade of this century and will continue to be of nationalities and the world regarded as a small village united and homogeneous as a result of the speed of communication and media e-mail and have the space conflict and in that and they are a large and dangerous fool to be vigilant and Korba contents and its aims and where it becomes the world like a forest to accuse the Little Big and pounce and colonized and draining its wealth of material, intellectual and
The term globalization has increased its use common in recent years, but the concept is still uncertain in the minds of some, while others seen as just another interface to American hegemony
And globalization very simply refers to the idea of interdependence among countries in a way seems impossible with them separated is no longer possible for each country apply their own internal policies and that existed in the field of international relations and the other definition of globalization is the trend of conciliatory aims to unite the peoples in the world of During one Kmthelt system with three ribs of the economy, and knowledge, and scientific development, and technological.
And represent globalization product internally global capitalism and one of the new dynamic stages of integration opportunities International through bring about changes in the patterns of production and method of its quality, and the gradual shift from the dominance of material values to cognitive values and globalization is a product of the knowledge revolution and the continuing technical, and represent companies multinational branches and related accessories spear head and the main engine of its targeting global hegemony and maximize profits
And it expresses the term globalization thinkers and researchers use trading since a decade (since the end of the eighties) for a global shift to see many of the bases in the field of moral values and the economy and politics that were prevalent at the national levels, and regional, international and between humans
And that the concept of globalization is not the product of today's graduate, and university education or scientific research, and education programs in colleges, universities, and is represented in educational policy or in the interests of the government and it is the challenge that presents the challenge groups of learners in complete bewilderment.
The phenomenon of globalization reflect the new global reality characterizes the time being, thanks to factors and forces and numerous transformations In this sense the issue is not the acceptance or rejection of globalization on the verbal level
And there are those who believe that globalization is a scientific, social and technological revolution the world, covering a network of transportation, communications and produced patterns of behavioral concepts and values what makes it effective in various aspects of public and private life and is something you can not or choose a response and is What some have called (the inevitability of globalization)
Globalization has meant in the concept of building the perfect one world unite basis cosmic standards, and liberalization of international political relations and economic and cultural Arabization and dissemination of information and mutual global production and dissemination of technological advances and global media.
And this concept can only be done between unequal powers politically, economically, and culturally so that it can not impose opportunities change on other opportunities and so goes the change in the two-way rather than one-way, and this does not happen between the mighty Globalization as applied in the real world It is a process of transition divided the world into two worlds: -
1 - a world of mutual interests major powers, institutions and corporate giants
2 - world or developing countries vulnerable and this world to accept the role of the first of the world and even the technological capacity of the few that have evolved painstakingly are depleted and grab them by first world countries.
Globalization and know the exact sense of the academic system as the participation of all parts of the world in the development of the cultural system, and the media, and political, economic and all, but that there is no objection to this concept The results of this union that has caused it the most powerful partner who owns more Machinery and Taqidah capacity
Intended to intensify the process of globalization and social relations across the world and the interdependence of the latest local spaced closely related manner, as if they were located in one community.
As intended to pressure the world and minimize process and focus some awareness in the various economic, political, cultural and social aspects.
It means the historical phenomenon also reflects the fact that the capitalist deep transformation of all humanity under the domination of Central Powers and the rule of a new world order is uneven.
And through these definitions of the concept of globalization to look at the world that it must be one world integrated and like a small village and to make it one world in the field of values and ethics and cultural and economic aspects, political, and social and some of them look at the division of the world to the world of the forces of (large) and weak world (small) so that small world derives all its values, and ethics and culture and organized economic, social and political of the big world, however, this division imposes on the big world all its values, and cultures, and on ethics small world and result in a big world in the small control and control and dominate the world and it must meet this challenge through education, especially higher education in terms of curricula and courses in schools and also by the teacher as to have a great role in it and so should pay attention to the process of preparation while studying at the Faculty of Education and acceptance and his studies curriculum systems so that the teacher preparation programs to develop his be understand the general cultures and the ability to social profile and provide him with the skills that enable him to familiarize themselves with the new Palmsthdthat and that dealing with the preparation of the most important issues of teacher programs, and the problems and challenges of the future and that qualifies him to deal with these problems, and issues and challenges and to face
The goals of globalization: -
There are a range of vital goals of globalization can be configured as follows:
1 - access to the global open market without barriers, customs or administrative breaks or physical limitations or ethnic ghettos, sexual or moral or emotional but plenty extended stay market includes the whole world and includes all sectors and its institutions and its members any access to the whole world to become a mass one integrated and interactive and the scope of this goal is the monopoly of direct and indirect between all human races Bmorothm civilization and multiple and intellectual differences and smelting of this difference in the crucible of monotheism and coalition culture.
2 - access in the world to make it a single unit integrated and conglomerate both in terms of interests and common benefits and collective or in terms of the sense and the sense of danger the one that threatens all of humanity or in terms of the importance of achieving collective security overall dimensions and elements of partial actors in it and the importance of addressing any threat to global stability and security and public and deal with effort and joint work and the full cooperation of everyone and that includes the elimination of the center of the dispute, and sources of tension and anxiety factors and this is done through an increase in the common area of thought, and end the conflict situations and increase reliability exchanged between the peoples and development need each other, and create confidence, and take joint gains
3 - access to a form of global homogeneity either by reducing the disparities in living or levels in the minimum requirements of life or human rights, especially that this homogeneity is no analogy, but it is based on pluralism and diversity and the composition of the motivation and incentive to raise and development, which brings the quality of life and then disappear hatreds and ambitions and growing affection and intimacy and then turns of belonging and loyalty to the General Association of comprehensive humanitarian includes the value of all human life and turn them to the value of freedom and justice values and the values of equality
4 - Development trend towards a jargon one gradually turn to the language of a single world are used and exchanged both communicating between humans, or between electronic computers, or between data centers and the exchange of information and synthesis industry
5 - Access to humanity as a whole unit and is used to achieve this goal as growing of mobility civilization to confirm the global identity and to bring added improvements in conscience and human conscience, and develop a sense of human unity and the unity of rights for each of them whether it was linked to the right to life and the right to exist and the right to continue
6 - deepening the sense and feeling of the year and secured the fundamental human humanity and remove all forms of intolerance and racial differentiation and qualitative access to humane world away from the prejudices and contradictions Alanfratih
7 - emission and sent a new vision as a great enlightenment movement and clairvoyance and enlighten effective left and flirts with the aspirations of human beings in different races and their people and their countries and addresses the dreams and vision of then become effective in the human perspective, both in terms of conscience or in terms of ambitions.
Globalization properties: -
Characterized by globalization and a range of features including the following:
Multinational companies control the world economies where was hacked more than 30 thousand multinational company to (500) major company in the world Apradha equivalent to about 41% of the global total domestic results, and (424) of these companies owned Group of Seven major industrialized countries, America, Japan, Canada, France, England, Germany and Italy.
The emergence of unipolarity, which is one of the most important features of globalization, which is represented in the US hegemony on the world's political, military and economic control and ownership of the means of communication and advanced technology.
Declining role of the state and its inability to cope with multinational companies that replaced the state in some developed countries.
Formation of elite businessmen do not belong to a particular country, its primary objective of seeking to transfer its activity anywhere in accordance with the requirements of the physical return on a scientific scale.
Achieve unity and intimacy between humans and meditation without regard to race Ooalthagavh or social background layer.
Globalization leads to the division of the world into civilized closed areas and take this form cultural and civilizational divide and become more visible than ever.
Forms of globalization: -
I. Economic Globalization: -
Represents the phenomenon of economic globalization, one of the main economic developments in the global economy in the times of the end of the twentieth century, economic globalization stage of the development of capitalism organization is characterized by a gradual transition from the international economy, which is the basal cells of the cosmic productivity economies composed and the dominance of information on the planet's resources and economic management highly centralized economic relations Global and happenings and the temptations of the world economy and the prevalence of the logic of economic decision-relying and the foundations of economic sovereignty global instead of the elements of national economic sovereignty and control of globalization on manufacturing technology movement is based on globalization references extremely important for the economies of the south, including the Arab economies and suggests the concept of globalization from the perspective of economic to the world turned into system of interlocking economic relationships increasingly complex to achieve sovereignty, one in which economic system to exchange the world rely in part on some other in each of the raw materials, goods and products and markets, capital, labor and expertise where the value of capital without investment nor the value of goods without markets consume.
Commonly used this term beginning in the field of finance, trade and economy, but it soon exceeded the limited context of the economy and to become the talk about it as a universal system that includes the comprehensiveness of the fields of finance, and exchange, and communication and restricted access to policy areas, and thought and which means in the simplest definitions Jump Balhi from limited to unlimited or make it globally, or limits the globe and globalization is one of the boosters and modern technology results in the means of communication and media and advertising and this new concept with the start of the WTO action and its impact on the transformation from the standpoint of the national economy to the global economy and its market consolidated difficult for any country will make to achieve the desired development rates outside the scope of this market, but the trend towards this market and creating competitive advantage of national industries become the primary engine of exports and then industrial development and bringing the renewal, and development, and to maintain the quality of the important elements to achieve competitive advantages which suggests that the renaissance of Education will become the basis of new economic development, and the growing interest in this decade by developed countries to reform education systems, and education to keep pace with global developments Aladlal clear this trend
And the concept of globalization from an economic perspective refers to the transformation of the world into a system of interlocking economic relationships increasingly complex to achieve sovereignty, one in which economic system to exchange the world rely in part on some of the other in each of the services or goods, products, markets and heads of funds and labor, experience and where No value of capital from investments and not without value of goods consumed without markets
Economists and adds that since the start of the development, and inflation multinational companies just evolved globalization economically, and in terms of information, and has deepened this development to accelerate inflation these companies starting to increase their ability to take advantage of price differences or the proportion of taxes or the level of wages and the end of the concentration of production in cheaper place and moved to the place of consumption in the top-level planet and globalization are global markets, which include the import and export industry
Thus, globalization in the economic concept of deportation and exclusion of vulnerable once and for all any participation in the fields of competition and make way for companies intercontinental in order to impose their laws and their prices and terms to owners fragile from the poor economic entities, and the downtrodden without any regard for the human being and the result already known and is that It remains vulnerable prey to the greed of adult standing waiting for death and suicide
Economic globalization is a process of the rule of one economic system that involves various countries of the world beneath the interlocking system of economic relations based on the exchange of raw materials, goods and products and markets, capital and as a result of the emergence of multinational corporations have economic relations between the developed countries of the world.
And that globalization in the economic part, took the form of a stream rising roaring in order to open markets and openness of all countries of the world to each other and this trend growing with synchronized Nhodah movement in order to modernize and develop the production structure in the developed market economies and cracked production systems in the economies of central planning countries and converts it to economy market and caused it to dismantle the massive external and huge exposure in these countries.
The economic dimension of globalization on the principle of freedom of international trade, which means the flow of goods, services and movement of capital between countries, without obstacles or barriers have crossed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for this principle best expression stating its goals to set up a free international trade system leads to higher levels Living in Contracting States and the full exploitation of the global economic resources and developing them and the development and expansion of the production and trade of international goods and services and to encourage the international movement of capital and the associated increase global investment and ease of access to markets and sources of raw materials and the promotion of international trade through the removal of restrictions and barriers that stand in its way and so have the economic globalization increase mutual among the world's economic dependence and therefore developing countries, particularly the least growth is facing very difficult conditions, including low human capital stock and the lack of infrastructure and political instability in addition to high external debt levels which would result in the inability of the These countries benefit from globalization and also these factors weakening the supply side and the adoption of these countries on an item or two in addition to export fluctuations that cause prices exports of these countries.
The political side of globalization which is the side of freedom and democracy, which paid for him by the people of the world depending on the price of expensive models from the blood of their sons and still pay every day new blood tax for vindication.
The liberal democracy is no longer just a false slogans can defer their application or can be supplied will of the people where it has become an inevitable premise of the imperatives of free and dignified life and with it took the castles of injustice and tyranny, tyranny and authoritarianism break down and pounded strongholds one after the other globalization have raised a lot of questions raised each contained fan thought about the birth of a new cosmic stage.
And there are those who believe that globalization in the political perspective means that the state not be the only actor on the global political stage, but there is a part, multinational bodies and international organizations and other international actors and organizations that seek to achieve greater coherence and cooperation groups and international integration so stop states for the observance of the principle of sovereignty, which takes into contraction under the influence of corrosion and the need for States to cooperate with each other in the economic field, and technological environment and so on, which means that sovereignty does not have the same importance of the actual process is you may have to
"the effects of globalization and economic systems in developing countries", the author deals with the most important globalization programs that apply to developing countries and is represented by the World Bank's recipes economic adjustment programs, and the most important:
1 elimination of subsidies of basic foodstuffs (flour, sugar, rice and milk), and raise many of the basic prices of services such as water, electricity, transportation, fuel and other prices, and the removal of subsidies for education gradually, especially in higher education, and the elimination of tariff protection for national industries, and the reduction of customs duties on goods and materials Does not matter the poor, and the imposition of additional taxes, but it was affected them actually are the poor, not the rich, such as sales tax, VAT, and the issuance of new laws that harm the interests of the poor, and the removal of subsidies on many of the same service targets institutions such as transport, communication or reduced such as Health Services.
The author recalls that the signing of agreements (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) is not in the interests of developing countries at all, but rather a means of dominating the world trade for the benefit of the major industrialized countries, and that access to this organization leads to a weakening of the social safety net in developing countries and penetrate the cultural specificity her, and penetrate the economic and social sovereignty through intellectual property protection, and the control of foreign capital to industries and natural resources, technology and consultancy services, research and development, telecommunications, banking services and treatment services in hospitals and tourism, and even recreational services, which stipulates the instrument of accession to the Organization (WTO) its commitment to allow foreign investor ownership of 100% of the capital of enterprises, companies and factories during the period from 2000 to 2005.
2 privatization of the sale of part or all of the public sector of government shares to companies or foreign shareholders under the name search for a strategic partner and this global trend, although it was the pros in the same free-market economy capitalist countries, it has a future risk to the national economy in developing countries, especially control foreign capital on economic, industrial and technological institutions, natural resources and communications, as well as on some of the services, as the terms and principles of privatization is to allow foreign investors to own 100% of the shares of national companies and institutions.
The author also goes to show the negative effects of economic globalization on developing countries, such as the imposition of economic policies, according to the requirements of privatization and the ideology of neo-liberalism across the central role of the private sector in the framework of the alliance organic with the senior bureaucracy or the regime crossing for the ruling class in many countries of the world Third, especially that of the private sector in developing countries has shifted largely to a great device "Comeradory" in the prevailing system service system and imperialist globalization at the same time, after being canceled in this sector is mostly unrelated to each project of the National developmental or national , whose only concern has become to get a profit, even at the expense of the interests and the development of developing societies and economic independence as well, globalization has had a range of negative effects on national economies in developing countries, including the effects of: high indebtedness of countries from $ 50 billion before the era of economic correction to 116 billion through correction period, the lower the value of exports from 4.2% in 1990 to 2.5 in 1998, and doubled the number of extreme poor in developing countries, as increasing numbers of poor people poorer never significantly, and not necessarily the number of unemployed doubled from work, reaching their proportion in some developing countries to 30% of the labor force and among graduates of private universities.
On the political level, the negative effects seems to drop many of stable bases in the Department of International Relations, where these relations have entered under the direct supervision and indirect United States of America and administration unilateralism.
Many regions also turned the planet into theaters turbulent strategy, begun, or that they are waiting for their role on the program, a theater or open to all possibilities and on all continents crises, as in Yugoslavia or the Balkans, Albania, Chechnya, and hit these countries of disintegration and destruction I returned many years back, as well as up in Indonesia and the crisis in Asia's economic and political countries and in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and the crises of African countries, including Somalia, Djibouti, Mauritania, Congo and other access to Latin American countries and the growing economic, political and social the crisis also exacerbated these crises in the Arab region , where the existential explode between us and the Zionist enemy conflict on the one hand, and internal crises erupt in Algeria, Sudan and Yemen as well as imperialist occupation of Palestine and Iraq on the other.
3 weaken and marginalize the non-aligned countries, the Organization of African countries, the Arab League, the Organization of the Islamic countries, and all regional organizations that grew up during the Cold War phase, which is almost the day lose its compass and its role.
In the second part, the writer negative military consequences of globalization on developing countries, pointing out that it comes under the banner of the fight against terrorism once and the axis of evil Secondly, the clash of civilizations Thirdly and other justifications and arguments, it was the outcome of these actions forming international alliances consequent: the Gulf War, and the War Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the invasion of Somalia, and the occupation of Afghanistan, and Iraq.
As for the direct and indirect negative consequences of military and political domination of these international alliances of the United States, led by developing countries, it has been in the depletion of oil income in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states and the high contribution of that State bill to cover the Gulf War expenses, which amounted to more than two hundred billion dollars Until now, this shrinking as well as the contribution of the Gulf countries in many Arab and Islamic charities, which have had a direct negative impact on aid programs to many associations and civil society institutions in Arab countries that suffer from high levels of poverty and unemployment rate.
Finally, the United States is directly interfering in the work of the Arab and Islamic institutions of civil society, and the freezing of their assets and the closure of many of these institutions.
In the third and final part of the book, which is entitled "The effects of globalization on the sovereignty of the state", it became clear that the political systems in developing countries in the most marginalized according to American hegemony conditions that made the state's role in third world countries is limited to the security aspect and repressive to protect foreign and domestic capitalist interests interlocking, after that these conditions have succeeded in clearing the role of the state production and service which was dedicated in the previous phase to cover some of the needs of the popular masses in which the decline of the state's role national and social, grew up personal interests bureaucratic and comprador and parasitic, in the name of privatization and opening up, which led to the disintegration of national, national and regional links , along with disintegration and collapse semi-communal internal factors expressed reproduce and the renewal of manifestations of underdevelopment in all sectarian, ethnic, family and religious manifestations, coupled with deepening social gaps and manifestations of extreme poverty in an unprecedented way in.
The results arising from the integration of developing countries in the globalization refers to a number of facts, including:
1 that despite the high volume of international trade to $ 9.2 trillion in 2003 (a day in mid-2006 is estimated at $ 10 trillion annually), it has the share of developing country group of the World Trade constant over the past three decades, about 18%, including share of Petroleum Exporting Countries, despite the fact that the population of this group of the country make up 75% of the total world population.
2 Although the advocates of globalization and liberalization of financial and trade they claim that developing countries will benefit from the flow of foreign direct investment, but that did not happen it has been shown in the past two decades, more than 90% of the movement of foreign direct investments mainly go to developed countries (the United States , Europe, Japan, and China). The rest of the developing country, it has received less than 10% of that movement. In this context, the private global investment data indicate that it reached in 2000 (1393) billion dollars, has dropped by 40% in 2001 in the wake of the events of September 11 have focused these investments 90% of them in the industrialized countries, where did not exceed the foreign investment that flowed to developing countries to $ 162.1 billion in 2002, the value did not exceed the limits of this figure until 2005.
3 Total debt of developing countries balance dramatically increased in the past decade from 603.3 billion dollars in 1980 to 2172 billion dollars in 1997, and reached nearly $ 2.5 trillion in 2004, with the growth of the size of the debt, interest rates rose and the rate of debt service, who arrived in Some of these countries to over 100%.
4 The globalization of financial markets and involving him of measures to liberalize the financial were of a serious and important developing effects on the country have led to the abolition of the ban on transactions covered by the capital and financial accounts of the balance of payments as well as the expense, these procedures offered to the banking system crises, and the flow of dirty money ( money) laundering, and the country's vulnerability to attacks by speculators, and to the weakening of national sovereignty in the field of fiscal and monetary policy, and encouraged on a large flight of national capital abroad.
5 decreased contribution of developing countries (146 countries) in the world's GDP (of at the end of 2004 [36] trillion dollars) to 29% versus 71% for developed countries (United States, European Union and Japan) With respect to the contribution of the Middle East, it has participated by about 2% of world GDP.
From the above, we can say that developing countries suffer from an unequal position in the global economy, and that this situation is deteriorating period after the other under the influence of the speed rush of the train of globalization and liberalization accelerated to the economies of these countries and their integration into the global economy, and that this merger sudden shift early and abide by the rules of globalization liberalism and economic liberalization had negative results, and sometimes devastating on the economy of developing countries, where it was put many obstacles in the face of development, and lost her ability to protect their national industries, and led to the rising cost of knowledge and technology, and its exposure to unequal competition with foreign imports, and the potential takeover companies Multinational giant national projects and basic areas, which will pay, and that is the most dangerous, to reduce the country's developing ability to formulate and design development and trade policies (and other policies) having moved making a lot of decisions from the national level to the WTO process.
These developments and negative accumulations will lead to a worsening of economic and social crises, and increasing poverty and unemployment spaces and internal contradictions of all kinds, in all countries of the world in general, and in African and Asian countries and Latin America in particular, and the pace high these countries have not seen before, where will grow wealth in exchange for the growing poverty and breadth , and Stantjh this deep gaps of a general feeling among these poor people of great fear for the future, as a result of the loss of the ability to control and control of its resources in the current circumstances, having lost all its gains within the minimum obtained by those peoples through their struggle in the independence stage Until the end of the sixties of the last century, which will pay out in defense of national and demands interests together to move from the spontaneous nature of the refusal, towards the organized character, in order to exercise the change process and overtaking systems, and to break these cycles of dependency and underdevelopment in the country, the introduction substantial change in the internal structure of their communities , will pay in turn to a fundamental change also in the structure of regional and international relations, marking a new era of bilateral or pluralism in this planet as the brutality of globalized capitalism and its effects on developing countries, through the heinous practices against the interests of the peoples of these countries, they will pay these peoples, across the organization precursors of intellectuals and avant-garde and popular masses, to declare bluntly that if there was not a socialist, Vchristrs everyone to seek to find them and faith Bnzeratha and develop its system for social justice and democracy, and install and protect a logical consequence of the conditions of deprivation, humiliation, oppression, poverty, disease and suffering in all its colors faced by the peoples of the world poor, in the light of globalization and its instruments of imperialism.
العولمة هي من أهم التغيرات العالمية المعاصرة بكل ما تحمله من حقائق وأوهام، وأن المدى الكبير في التغيرات الثقافية والاقتصادية الناجمة عن العولمة جعل الكثير من المفكرين يتوقعون حدوث تغيرات عميقة في نظم التعليم الجامعي، وزيادة الوعي بالثقافات الاخرى، وتتمثل سمات العولمة في ظواهر جديدة.
من أهم برامج العولمة التي تطبق على الدول النامية وهي برامج تسمى التصحيح الاقتصادي والمتمثلة في إلغاء دعم المواد الغذائية الأساسية (مقل الأرز والدقيق والسكر والحليب)، ورفع الدعم عن التعليم العالي، وتخفيض الجمارك على سلع ومواد لا تهم الفقراء، وفرض ضرائب إضافية، والمتضررون منها الفقراء وليس الاغنياء، مثل ضريبة المبيعات، ورفع الدعم عن خدمات النقل، والسماح بملكية المستثمر الأجنبي 100% من رأس المشروع.
السماح في بيع أسهم القطاع العام الحكومي (تحت مسمى البحث عن شريك استراتيجي) وهذا يمثل الخطر على الاقتصاد الوطني في الدول النامية وخاصة سيطرة رأس المال الأجنبي على المصادر الطبيعية.
تحول القطاع الخاص في الدول النامية إلى جهاز كمبرودوريسماته الاحتكار والتوسع التجاري)، وهم هذا الجهاز الربح ولو على حساب تطور المجتمعات النامية، كما أن العولمة إدت إلى ارتفاع المديونية في العالم، النامي إلى ثلاثة أو أربعة أو خمسة أضعاف، تضاعف أعداد العاطلين عن العمل وخاصة خريجي الجامعات.
كذلك العمل على إسقاط القواعد المستقرة في سياسة العلاقات الدولية التي بدأت هذه العلاقات تدخل تحت الإشراف المباشر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. كذلك تزايد تفاقم الأزمات السياسة والاقتصادية في كثير من المناطق مثل المنطقة العربية.
كذلك تهميش وإضعاف منظمات مثل دول عدم الانحياز، منظمة الدول الافريقية، الجامعة العربية، منظمة الدول الاسلامية، وكافة المنظمات الاقليمية التي نشأت إبان مرحلة الحرب الباردة.
أهداف العولمة:
الوصول إلى سوق عالمي مفتوح، بدون حواجز جمركية أو قيود مادية أو عوازل عرقية، أي الوصول إلى جعل العالم وحدة واحدة، وتحقيق الأمن من أجل التصدي لأي خطر يهدد الاستقرار العام العالمي، وتعميق الاحساس بالانسانية البشرية وصولا إلى عالم إنساني حيث يبعث رؤية جديدة فاعلة لجميع البشر بإختلاف أجناسهم وشعوبهم ودولهم.
أهداف وخصائص العولمة:
تقوم الشركات متعددة الجنسيات بالسيطرة على اقتصاديات العالم وهي تحاول اختصار حوالي 30,000 شركة متعددة الجنسيات إلى 500 شركة كبرى حول العالم. إيراد هذه الشركات يعادل حوالي 41% من الانتاج الاجمالي العالمي، وأن 424 من هذه الشركات تعود ملكيتها إلى مجموعة الدول الصناعية السبع الكبرى (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، اليابان، كندا، فرنسا، المملكة المتحدة، ألمانيا، إيطاليا)، من أهم خصائص العولمة السيطرة السياسية والعسكرية والاقتصادية والسيطرة على وسائل الاتصال والتكنولوجيا الحديثة، (قيام وكالة الأمن القومي في الولايات المتحدة بالتجسس على حوالي 35 من القادة على مستوى العالم وأكثر من 60 مليون مكالمة هاتفية من بينها دول أوروبية وهذا أثار ردود فعل غاضبة من الدول الأوروبية وعلى رأسها رئيسة الوزراء الألمانية أنجيلا ميركل حيث كانت هدفا لعمليات التجسس منذ عام 2002 وحتى عام 2010.
آثار العولمة على سيادة الدولة في النظام السياسي في الدول النامية، هو نظام مهمش وفق شروط الهيمنة الأمريكية التي جعلت دور الدولة في بلدان العالم النامي (العالم الثالث) يقتصر على الجانب الأمني لحماية المصالح الرأسمالية، نشاهد أيضا تراجع دور الدولة الوطني والاجتماعي، وزيادة المصالح الكمبرودورية تحت اسم الانفتاح والخصخصة، مما أدى إلى تفكك الروابط الوطنية وشبه انهيار المجتمع الداخلي الذي يعبر عنه بإعادة تجديد مظاهر التخلف، وظهور فجوات الفقر المدقع.
كان من النتائج الناجمة عن اندماج البلدان النامية في العولمة تشير إلى ارتفاع رصيد ديون البلدان الناميى بشكل دراماتيكي من 2200 مليار دولار عام 1997، وصلت إلى ما يقارب من2,5 تريليون دولار عام 2004.
الأمن الغذائي:
في عقدي الخمسينيات والستينيات من القرن العشرين، حصل تداخل بين مفهوم الأمن الغذائي مع مفهوم الاكتفاء الذاتي الذي تبين في ما بعد ومع الوقت أن الاكتفاء الذاتي الكامل غير ممكن.
الأمان الغذائي الذي يمثل جميع الظروف والمعايير الضرورية خلال عمليات انتاج وتصنيع وتخزين وإعداد الغذاء خلال عمليات انتاج وتصنيع وتخزين وإعداد الغذاء لضمان أن يكون الغذاء آمنا وملائما للاستهلاك البشري.
موضوع النقص الغذائي يعتمد على التكافل بين المجتمع والمجال الاقتصادي، ويتحدد استحقاق الاسرة في الغذاء نتيجة:
أولا: الرصيد المملوك من الأرض
ثانيا: المصدر التكنولوجي وإتاحة المعرفة لدى العاملين في الأرض
ثالثا: تحديد الاسعار
مالتوس 1798
توماس روبرت مالتوس 1766 – 1834 ، هو باحث سكاني واقتصادي سياسي انجليزي.
An Essay on the Principles of Population
آراء مالتوس حول السكان وعن حتمية النقص في المواد الغذائية بالنسبة لزيادة السكان، إذ يعتبر أن عدد السكان يزيد وفق متوالية هندسية، بينما يزيد الانتاج الزراعي وفق متوالية حسابية مما سيؤدي حتما إلى نقص الغذاء والسكن.
Globalization
Globalization is one of the most important contemporary global changes in every sense of the realities and illusions, and to a large extent in the cultural and economic changes brought about by globalization make a lot of thinkers expect a profound changes in university education systems, and to increase awareness of other cultures, and are features of globalization in the new phenomena.
Of the most important globalization programs that apply to developing countries, which are programs called economic correction of the abolition of basic food subsidies (eyeballs rice, flour, sugar and milk), and the removal of subsidies for higher education, and the reduction of customs duties on goods and materials are not of interest to the poor, and the imposition of additional taxes, and affected them the poor, not the rich, such as sales tax, and the removal of subsidies for transport services, and to allow 100% ownership of the project, the head of the foreign investor.
Allow the government to sell public sector shares (under the name of research for a strategic partner) and this represents a threat to the national economy in developing countries, particularly foreign capital control over natural resources.
The private sector shift in developing countries to a Kimberodoresmth monopoly business and expansion), who this device profit even at the expense of the development of developing societies, and globalization has led to high indebtedness in the world, developing into three or four or five times, doubled the number of unemployed and the private college graduates.
As well as working to bring down the stable rules of international relations in which these relations come under the direct supervision of the United States of America began a policy. As well as increasing the worsening political and economic crises in many areas such as the Arab region.
As well as the marginalization and organizations such as the weakening of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of African countries, the Arab League, the Organization of the Islamic countries, and all regional organizations that arose during the cold war era.
The goals of globalization:
Access to the global open market, without customs duties or physical limitations or ethnic Insulators barriers, no access to make the world a single unit, and achieve security in order to address any threat to the world public stability, and deepen the sense of human humanity up to the human world where breathe new vision effective for all Humans races of altered and their peoples and states.
The objectives and characteristics of globalization:
The multinational companies control the world economies as they try to shortcut some 30,000 multinational company to 500 large companies around the world. Revenue of these companies equivalent to about 41% of the world's total production, and that 424 of these companies are owned by the Group of Seven major industrialized nations (United States, Japan, Canada, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy), globalization of the most important characteristics of political control , military and economic control over the means of communication and modern technology, (the National Security Agency in the United States of spying on about 35 of the leaders in the world and more than 60 million phone call, including European countries and this sparked angry reactions from European countries, led by German Prime Minister Angela Merkel where she was the target of espionage since 2002 and until 2010.
The effects of globalization on the sovereignty of the state in the political system in developing countries, is a system that marginalized according to American hegemony conditions that made the state's role in the developing world (third world) is limited to the security aspect for the protection of capitalist interests, see also the decline of the national and social state, and increase Alkimberodorah interests under the name of openness and privatization, which led to the disintegration of national links and near-collapse of the internal community, which is expressed in re renewal of manifestations of underdevelopment, and the emergence of extreme poverty gaps.
The results arising from the integration of developing countries in the globalization indicate an increase in the debt of countries Namay balance dramatically than 2,200 billion dollars in 1997, it reached nearly $ 2.5 trillion in 2004.
Food secure:
My contract in the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, he received an overlap between the concept of food security with the concept of self-sufficiency, which turned out however that the full-time self-sufficiency is possible.
Food safety, which represents all the necessary conditions and standards during production, processing and storage operations and the preparation of food during production, processing and storage operations and the preparation of food to ensure that food is safe and suitable for human consumption.
The subject of food shortages depends on the economic interdependence between the community and the area, and the family is determined by maturity in food as a result of:
First, the balance of the land owned
Second: the source and availability of technological knowledge among workers in the ground
Third, price fixing
Malthus 1798
Thomas Robert Malthus 1766 - 1834, is a researcher population political and economic English.
An Essay on the Principles of Population
The views of Malthus on population and the inevitable shortage of food for the population increase, considering that population increases according to geometric progression, while agricultural production increases in accordance with the arithmetic progression, which will inevitably lead to lack of food and housing.
Globalization is the globalization of the most important contemporary global
changes in every sense of the realities and manifestations and illusions and the
risk seems to a large extent in the economic and cultural changes brought about
by globalization has made some thinkers expect a profound changes in university education systems in the light of globalization, and emphasizes Some of the
proposals to increase the awareness of other cultures and others advocated the need to preserve the cultural identity, privacy civilization in light of this open world and the phenomenon of globalization is not a new phenomenon, as the human
civilization throughout history are expanding and are displayed at the same time in a state of permanent transition from and site to another site.
This makes the planet on which we live is shrinking, and may be a natural thing.
But now there are two words in the competition to express this sense (the word and the word of the constellation of globalization) and The features of globalization in the recent period in three new phenomena made it a new concept and these phenomena are: -
1 - economic developments
2 - generally technological developments, and technological developments in the field of media, particularly
3 - the dilemma of democracy in the Third World
The emergence of globalization: -
History scientists say that globalization is not a new phenomenon but the early beginnings dating back to the end of the sixteenth century with the start of Western colonization process for Asia, Europe and the Americas and then coupled with the evolution of the modern trading system in Europe which led to the birth of the synaptic and complex global system known as universal then After that globalization
Globalization is only a new word for an old phenomenon originated in the world has become a village in the volume of electronic intertwined small satellite, and satellite communications, and international TV channels
And some researchers believe that there are four basic processes of globalization and are straight:
1 - the competition between the great powers
2 - technological innovation
3 - The spread of globalization of production and exchange
4 - update
And formulate a precise definition of globalization issue a daunting look due to the multiplicity of tariffs, which mainly affected Banhyazat ideological researchers, and Atjahthm about globalization rejection Ooukbola and there are those who believe that globalization is an ongoing process every day reveals a new face of the developed their faces, and that the drafting of a comprehensive definition of globalization must keep in mind three operations expose its core is: -
1 - The first relates to the spread of the process so that information becomes available to all people
2 - The second process related to dissolving the border between the states
3 - The third process is the increasing similarity between universities and communities and institutions and all rates of these processes may lead to negative results for some communities and to positive results relative to each other.
F. However there is the so-called economic globalization and political globalization, and there are so-called cultural globalization
The concept of globalization Globalization: -
We grew the concept or the term of globalization in the last decade of this century and will continue to be of nationalities and the world regarded as a small village united and homogeneous as a result of the speed of communication and media e-mail and have the space conflict and in that and they are a large and dangerous fool to be vigilant and Korba contents and its aims and where it becomes the world like a forest to accuse the Little Big and pounce and colonized and draining its wealth of material, intellectual and
The term globalization has increased its use common in recent years, but the concept is still uncertain in the minds of some, while others seen as just another interface to American hegemony
And globalization very simply refers to the idea of interdependence among countries in a way seems impossible with them separated is no longer possible for each country apply their own internal policies and that existed in the field of international relations and the other definition of globalization is the trend of conciliatory aims to unite the peoples in the world of During one Kmthelt system with three ribs of the economy, and knowledge, and scientific development, and technological.
And represent globalization product internally global capitalism and one of the new dynamic stages of integration opportunities International through bring about changes in the patterns of production and method of its quality, and the gradual shift from the dominance of material values to cognitive values and globalization is a product of the knowledge revolution and the continuing technical, and represent companies multinational branches and related accessories spear head and the main engine of its targeting global hegemony and maximize profits
And it expresses the term globalization thinkers and researchers use trading since a decade (since the end of the eighties) for a global shift to see many of the bases in the field of moral values and the economy and politics that were prevalent at the national levels, and regional, international and between humans
And that the concept of globalization is not the product of today's graduate, and university education or scientific research, and education programs in colleges, universities, and is represented in educational policy or in the interests of the government and it is the challenge that presents the challenge groups of learners in complete bewilderment.
The phenomenon of globalization reflect the new global reality characterizes the time being, thanks to factors and forces and numerous transformations In this sense the issue is not the acceptance or rejection of globalization on the verbal level
And there are those who believe that globalization is a scientific, social and technological revolution the world, covering a network of transportation, communications and produced patterns of behavioral concepts and values what makes it effective in various aspects of public and private life and is something you can not or choose a response and is What some have called (the inevitability of globalization)
Globalization has meant in the concept of building the perfect one world unite basis cosmic standards, and liberalization of international political relations and economic and cultural Arabization and dissemination of information and mutual global production and dissemination of technological advances and global media.
And this concept can only be done between unequal powers politically, economically, and culturally so that it can not impose opportunities change on other opportunities and so goes the change in the two-way rather than one-way, and this does not happen between the mighty Globalization as applied in the real world It is a process of transition divided the world into two worlds: -
1 - a world of mutual interests major powers, institutions and corporate giants
2 - world or developing countries vulnerable and this world to accept the role of the first of the world and even the technological capacity of the few that have evolved painstakingly are depleted and grab them by first world countries.
Globalization and know the exact sense of the academic system as the participation of all parts of the world in the development of the cultural system, and the media, and political, economic and all, but that there is no objection to this concept The results of this union that has caused it the most powerful partner who owns more Machinery and Taqidah capacity
Intended to intensify the process of globalization and social relations across the world and the interdependence of the latest local spaced closely related manner, as if they were located in one community.
As intended to pressure the world and minimize process and focus some awareness in the various economic, political, cultural and social aspects.
It means the historical phenomenon also reflects the fact that the capitalist deep transformation of all humanity under the domination of Central Powers and the rule of a new world order is uneven.
And through these definitions of the concept of globalization to look at the world that it must be one world integrated and like a small village and to make it one world in the field of values and ethics and cultural and economic aspects, political, and social and some of them look at the division of the world to the world of the forces of (large) and weak world (small) so that small world derives all its values, and ethics and culture and organized economic, social and political of the big world, however, this division imposes on the big world all its values, and cultures, and on ethics small world and result in a big world in the small control and control and dominate the world and it must meet this challenge through education, especially higher education in terms of curricula and courses in schools and also by the teacher as to have a great role in it and so should pay attention to the process of preparation while studying at the Faculty of Education and acceptance and his studies curriculum systems so that the teacher preparation programs to develop his be understand the general cultures and the ability to social profile and provide him with the skills that enable him to familiarize themselves with the new Palmsthdthat and that dealing with the preparation of the most important issues of teacher programs, and the problems and challenges of the future and that qualifies him to deal with these problems, and issues and challenges and to face
The goals of globalization: -
There are a range of vital goals of globalization can be configured as follows:
1 - access to the global open market without barriers, customs or administrative breaks or physical limitations or ethnic ghettos, sexual or moral or emotional but plenty extended stay market includes the whole world and includes all sectors and its institutions and its members any access to the whole world to become a mass one integrated and interactive and the scope of this goal is the monopoly of direct and indirect between all human races Bmorothm civilization and multiple and intellectual differences and smelting of this difference in the crucible of monotheism and coalition culture.
2 - access in the world to make it a single unit integrated and conglomerate both in terms of interests and common benefits and collective or in terms of the sense and the sense of danger the one that threatens all of humanity or in terms of the importance of achieving collective security overall dimensions and elements of partial actors in it and the importance of addressing any threat to global stability and security and public and deal with effort and joint work and the full cooperation of everyone and that includes the elimination of the center of the dispute, and sources of tension and anxiety factors and this is done through an increase in the common area of thought, and end the conflict situations and increase reliability exchanged between the peoples and development need each other, and create confidence, and take joint gains
3 - access to a form of global homogeneity either by reducing the disparities in living or levels in the minimum requirements of life or human rights, especially that this homogeneity is no analogy, but it is based on pluralism and diversity and the composition of the motivation and incentive to raise and development, which brings the quality of life and then disappear hatreds and ambitions and growing affection and intimacy and then turns of belonging and loyalty to the General Association of comprehensive humanitarian includes the value of all human life and turn them to the value of freedom and justice values and the values of equality
4 - Development trend towards a jargon one gradually turn to the language of a single world are used and exchanged both communicating between humans, or between electronic computers, or between data centers and the exchange of information and synthesis industry
5 - Access to humanity as a whole unit and is used to achieve this goal as growing of mobility civilization to confirm the global identity and to bring added improvements in conscience and human conscience, and develop a sense of human unity and the unity of rights for each of them whether it was linked to the right to life and the right to exist and the right to continue
6 - deepening the sense and feeling of the year and secured the fundamental human humanity and remove all forms of intolerance and racial differentiation and qualitative access to humane world away from the prejudices and contradictions Alanfratih
7 - emission and sent a new vision as a great enlightenment movement and clairvoyance and enlighten effective left and flirts with the aspirations of human beings in different races and their people and their countries and addresses the dreams and vision of then become effective in the human perspective, both in terms of conscience or in terms of ambitions.
Globalization properties: -
Characterized by globalization and a range of features including the following:
Multinational companies control the world economies where was hacked more than 30 thousand multinational company to (500) major company in the world Apradha equivalent to about 41% of the global total domestic results, and (424) of these companies owned Group of Seven major industrialized countries, America, Japan, Canada, France, England, Germany and Italy.
The emergence of unipolarity, which is one of the most important features of globalization, which is represented in the US hegemony on the world's political, military and economic control and ownership of the means of communication and advanced technology.
Declining role of the state and its inability to cope with multinational companies that replaced the state in some developed countries.
Formation of elite businessmen do not belong to a particular country, its primary objective of seeking to transfer its activity anywhere in accordance with the requirements of the physical return on a scientific scale.
Achieve unity and intimacy between humans and meditation without regard to race Ooalthagavh or social background layer.
Globalization leads to the division of the world into civilized closed areas and take this form cultural and civilizational divide and become more visible than ever.
Forms of globalization: -
I. Economic Globalization: -
Represents the phenomenon of economic globalization, one of the main economic developments in the global economy in the times of the end of the twentieth century, economic globalization stage of the development of capitalism organization is characterized by a gradual transition from the international economy, which is the basal cells of the cosmic productivity economies composed and the dominance of information on the planet's resources and economic management highly centralized economic relations Global and happenings and the temptations of the world economy and the prevalence of the logic of economic decision-relying and the foundations of economic sovereignty global instead of the elements of national economic sovereignty and control of globalization on manufacturing technology movement is based on globalization references extremely important for the economies of the south, including the Arab economies and suggests the concept of globalization from the perspective of economic to the world turned into system of interlocking economic relationships increasingly complex to achieve sovereignty, one in which economic system to exchange the world rely in part on some other in each of the raw materials, goods and products and markets, capital, labor and expertise where the value of capital without investment nor the value of goods without markets consume.
Commonly used this term beginning in the field of finance, trade and economy, but it soon exceeded the limited context of the economy and to become the talk about it as a universal system that includes the comprehensiveness of the fields of finance, and exchange, and communication and restricted access to policy areas, and thought and which means in the simplest definitions Jump Balhi from limited to unlimited or make it globally, or limits the globe and globalization is one of the boosters and modern technology results in the means of communication and media and advertising and this new concept with the start of the WTO action and its impact on the transformation from the standpoint of the national economy to the global economy and its market consolidated difficult for any country will make to achieve the desired development rates outside the scope of this market, but the trend towards this market and creating competitive advantage of national industries become the primary engine of exports and then industrial development and bringing the renewal, and development, and to maintain the quality of the important elements to achieve competitive advantages which suggests that the renaissance of Education will become the basis of new economic development, and the growing interest in this decade by developed countries to reform education systems, and education to keep pace with global developments Aladlal clear this trend
And the concept of globalization from an economic perspective refers to the transformation of the world into a system of interlocking economic relationships increasingly complex to achieve sovereignty, one in which economic system to exchange the world rely in part on some of the other in each of the services or goods, products, markets and heads of funds and labor, experience and where No value of capital from investments and not without value of goods consumed without markets
Economists and adds that since the start of the development, and inflation multinational companies just evolved globalization economically, and in terms of information, and has deepened this development to accelerate inflation these companies starting to increase their ability to take advantage of price differences or the proportion of taxes or the level of wages and the end of the concentration of production in cheaper place and moved to the place of consumption in the top-level planet and globalization are global markets, which include the import and export industry
Thus, globalization in the economic concept of deportation and exclusion of vulnerable once and for all any participation in the fields of competition and make way for companies intercontinental in order to impose their laws and their prices and terms to owners fragile from the poor economic entities, and the downtrodden without any regard for the human being and the result already known and is that It remains vulnerable prey to the greed of adult standing waiting for death and suicide
Economic globalization is a process of the rule of one economic system that involves various countries of the world beneath the interlocking system of economic relations based on the exchange of raw materials, goods and products and markets, capital and as a result of the emergence of multinational corporations have economic relations between the developed countries of the world.
And that globalization in the economic part, took the form of a stream rising roaring in order to open markets and openness of all countries of the world to each other and this trend growing with synchronized Nhodah movement in order to modernize and develop the production structure in the developed market economies and cracked production systems in the economies of central planning countries and converts it to economy market and caused it to dismantle the massive external and huge exposure in these countries.
The economic dimension of globalization on the principle of freedom of international trade, which means the flow of goods, services and movement of capital between countries, without obstacles or barriers have crossed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for this principle best expression stating its goals to set up a free international trade system leads to higher levels Living in Contracting States and the full exploitation of the global economic resources and developing them and the development and expansion of the production and trade of international goods and services and to encourage the international movement of capital and the associated increase global investment and ease of access to markets and sources of raw materials and the promotion of international trade through the removal of restrictions and barriers that stand in its way and so have the economic globalization increase mutual among the world's economic dependence and therefore developing countries, particularly the least growth is facing very difficult conditions, including low human capital stock and the lack of infrastructure and political instability in addition to high external debt levels which would result in the inability of the These countries benefit from globalization and also these factors weakening the supply side and the adoption of these countries on an item or two in addition to export fluctuations that cause prices exports of these countries.
The political side of globalization which is the side of freedom and democracy, which paid for him by the people of the world depending on the price of expensive models from the blood of their sons and still pay every day new blood tax for vindication.
The liberal democracy is no longer just a false slogans can defer their application or can be supplied will of the people where it has become an inevitable premise of the imperatives of free and dignified life and with it took the castles of injustice and tyranny, tyranny and authoritarianism break down and pounded strongholds one after the other globalization have raised a lot of questions raised each contained fan thought about the birth of a new cosmic stage.
And there are those who believe that globalization in the political perspective means that the state not be the only actor on the global political stage, but there is a part, multinational bodies and international organizations and other international actors and organizations that seek to achieve greater coherence and cooperation groups and international integration so stop states for the observance of the principle of sovereignty, which takes into contraction under the influence of corrosion and the need for States to cooperate with each other in the economic field, and technological environment and so on, which means that sovereignty does not have the same importance of the actual process is you may have to
"the effects of globalization and economic systems in developing countries", the author deals with the most important globalization programs that apply to developing countries and is represented by the World Bank's recipes economic adjustment programs, and the most important:
1 elimination of subsidies of basic foodstuffs (flour, sugar, rice and milk), and raise many of the basic prices of services such as water, electricity, transportation, fuel and other prices, and the removal of subsidies for education gradually, especially in higher education, and the elimination of tariff protection for national industries, and the reduction of customs duties on goods and materials Does not matter the poor, and the imposition of additional taxes, but it was affected them actually are the poor, not the rich, such as sales tax, VAT, and the issuance of new laws that harm the interests of the poor, and the removal of subsidies on many of the same service targets institutions such as transport, communication or reduced such as Health Services.
The author recalls that the signing of agreements (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) is not in the interests of developing countries at all, but rather a means of dominating the world trade for the benefit of the major industrialized countries, and that access to this organization leads to a weakening of the social safety net in developing countries and penetrate the cultural specificity her, and penetrate the economic and social sovereignty through intellectual property protection, and the control of foreign capital to industries and natural resources, technology and consultancy services, research and development, telecommunications, banking services and treatment services in hospitals and tourism, and even recreational services, which stipulates the instrument of accession to the Organization (WTO) its commitment to allow foreign investor ownership of 100% of the capital of enterprises, companies and factories during the period from 2000 to 2005.
2 privatization of the sale of part or all of the public sector of government shares to companies or foreign shareholders under the name search for a strategic partner and this global trend, although it was the pros in the same free-market economy capitalist countries, it has a future risk to the national economy in developing countries, especially control foreign capital on economic, industrial and technological institutions, natural resources and communications, as well as on some of the services, as the terms and principles of privatization is to allow foreign investors to own 100% of the shares of national companies and institutions.
The author also goes to show the negative effects of economic globalization on developing countries, such as the imposition of economic policies, according to the requirements of privatization and the ideology of neo-liberalism across the central role of the private sector in the framework of the alliance organic with the senior bureaucracy or the regime crossing for the ruling class in many countries of the world Third, especially that of the private sector in developing countries has shifted largely to a great device "Comeradory" in the prevailing system service system and imperialist globalization at the same time, after being canceled in this sector is mostly unrelated to each project of the National developmental or national , whose only concern has become to get a profit, even at the expense of the interests and the development of developing societies and economic independence as well, globalization has had a range of negative effects on national economies in developing countries, including the effects of: high indebtedness of countries from $ 50 billion before the era of economic correction to 116 billion through correction period, the lower the value of exports from 4.2% in 1990 to 2.5 in 1998, and doubled the number of extreme poor in developing countries, as increasing numbers of poor people poorer never significantly, and not necessarily the number of unemployed doubled from work, reaching their proportion in some developing countries to 30% of the labor force and among graduates of private universities.
On the political level, the negative effects seems to drop many of stable bases in the Department of International Relations, where these relations have entered under the direct supervision and indirect United States of America and administration unilateralism.
Many regions also turned the planet into theaters turbulent strategy, begun, or that they are waiting for their role on the program, a theater or open to all possibilities and on all continents crises, as in Yugoslavia or the Balkans, Albania, Chechnya, and hit these countries of disintegration and destruction I returned many years back, as well as up in Indonesia and the crisis in Asia's economic and political countries and in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and the crises of African countries, including Somalia, Djibouti, Mauritania, Congo and other access to Latin American countries and the growing economic, political and social the crisis also exacerbated these crises in the Arab region , where the existential explode between us and the Zionist enemy conflict on the one hand, and internal crises erupt in Algeria, Sudan and Yemen as well as imperialist occupation of Palestine and Iraq on the other.
3 weaken and marginalize the non-aligned countries, the Organization of African countries, the Arab League, the Organization of the Islamic countries, and all regional organizations that grew up during the Cold War phase, which is almost the day lose its compass and its role.
In the second part, the writer negative military consequences of globalization on developing countries, pointing out that it comes under the banner of the fight against terrorism once and the axis of evil Secondly, the clash of civilizations Thirdly and other justifications and arguments, it was the outcome of these actions forming international alliances consequent: the Gulf War, and the War Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the invasion of Somalia, and the occupation of Afghanistan, and Iraq.
As for the direct and indirect negative consequences of military and political domination of these international alliances of the United States, led by developing countries, it has been in the depletion of oil income in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states and the high contribution of that State bill to cover the Gulf War expenses, which amounted to more than two hundred billion dollars Until now, this shrinking as well as the contribution of the Gulf countries in many Arab and Islamic charities, which have had a direct negative impact on aid programs to many associations and civil society institutions in Arab countries that suffer from high levels of poverty and unemployment rate.
Finally, the United States is directly interfering in the work of the Arab and Islamic institutions of civil society, and the freezing of their assets and the closure of many of these institutions.
In the third and final part of the book, which is entitled "The effects of globalization on the sovereignty of the state", it became clear that the political systems in developing countries in the most marginalized according to American hegemony conditions that made the state's role in third world countries is limited to the security aspect and repressive to protect foreign and domestic capitalist interests interlocking, after that these conditions have succeeded in clearing the role of the state production and service which was dedicated in the previous phase to cover some of the needs of the popular masses in which the decline of the state's role national and social, grew up personal interests bureaucratic and comprador and parasitic, in the name of privatization and opening up, which led to the disintegration of national, national and regional links , along with disintegration and collapse semi-communal internal factors expressed reproduce and the renewal of manifestations of underdevelopment in all sectarian, ethnic, family and religious manifestations, coupled with deepening social gaps and manifestations of extreme poverty in an unprecedented way in.
The results arising from the integration of developing countries in the globalization refers to a number of facts, including:
1 that despite the high volume of international trade to $ 9.2 trillion in 2003 (a day in mid-2006 is estimated at $ 10 trillion annually), it has the share of developing country group of the World Trade constant over the past three decades, about 18%, including share of Petroleum Exporting Countries, despite the fact that the population of this group of the country make up 75% of the total world population.
2 Although the advocates of globalization and liberalization of financial and trade they claim that developing countries will benefit from the flow of foreign direct investment, but that did not happen it has been shown in the past two decades, more than 90% of the movement of foreign direct investments mainly go to developed countries (the United States , Europe, Japan, and China). The rest of the developing country, it has received less than 10% of that movement. In this context, the private global investment data indicate that it reached in 2000 (1393) billion dollars, has dropped by 40% in 2001 in the wake of the events of September 11 have focused these investments 90% of them in the industrialized countries, where did not exceed the foreign investment that flowed to developing countries to $ 162.1 billion in 2002, the value did not exceed the limits of this figure until 2005.
3 Total debt of developing countries balance dramatically increased in the past decade from 603.3 billion dollars in 1980 to 2172 billion dollars in 1997, and reached nearly $ 2.5 trillion in 2004, with the growth of the size of the debt, interest rates rose and the rate of debt service, who arrived in Some of these countries to over 100%.
4 The globalization of financial markets and involving him of measures to liberalize the financial were of a serious and important developing effects on the country have led to the abolition of the ban on transactions covered by the capital and financial accounts of the balance of payments as well as the expense, these procedures offered to the banking system crises, and the flow of dirty money ( money) laundering, and the country's vulnerability to attacks by speculators, and to the weakening of national sovereignty in the field of fiscal and monetary policy, and encouraged on a large flight of national capital abroad.
5 decreased contribution of developing countries (146 countries) in the world's GDP (of at the end of 2004 [36] trillion dollars) to 29% versus 71% for developed countries (United States, European Union and Japan) With respect to the contribution of the Middle East, it has participated by about 2% of world GDP.
From the above, we can say that developing countries suffer from an unequal position in the global economy, and that this situation is deteriorating period after the other under the influence of the speed rush of the train of globalization and liberalization accelerated to the economies of these countries and their integration into the global economy, and that this merger sudden shift early and abide by the rules of globalization liberalism and economic liberalization had negative results, and sometimes devastating on the economy of developing countries, where it was put many obstacles in the face of development, and lost her ability to protect their national industries, and led to the rising cost of knowledge and technology, and its exposure to unequal competition with foreign imports, and the potential takeover companies Multinational giant national projects and basic areas, which will pay, and that is the most dangerous, to reduce the country's developing ability to formulate and design development and trade policies (and other policies) having moved making a lot of decisions from the national level to the WTO process.
These developments and negative accumulations will lead to a worsening of economic and social crises, and increasing poverty and unemployment spaces and internal contradictions of all kinds, in all countries of the world in general, and in African and Asian countries and Latin America in particular, and the pace high these countries have not seen before, where will grow wealth in exchange for the growing poverty and breadth , and Stantjh this deep gaps of a general feeling among these poor people of great fear for the future, as a result of the loss of the ability to control and control of its resources in the current circumstances, having lost all its gains within the minimum obtained by those peoples through their struggle in the independence stage Until the end of the sixties of the last century, which will pay out in defense of national and demands interests together to move from the spontaneous nature of the refusal, towards the organized character, in order to exercise the change process and overtaking systems, and to break these cycles of dependency and underdevelopment in the country, the introduction substantial change in the internal structure of their communities , will pay in turn to a fundamental change also in the structure of regional and international relations, marking a new era of bilateral or pluralism in this planet as the brutality of globalized capitalism and its effects on developing countries, through the heinous practices against the interests of the peoples of these countries, they will pay these peoples, across the organization precursors of intellectuals and avant-garde and popular masses, to declare bluntly that if there was not a socialist, Vchristrs everyone to seek to find them and faith Bnzeratha and develop its system for social justice and democracy, and install and protect a logical consequence of the conditions of deprivation, humiliation, oppression, poverty, disease and suffering in all its colors faced by the peoples of the world poor, in the light of globalization and its instruments of imperialism.
العولمة هي من أهم التغيرات العالمية المعاصرة بكل ما تحمله من حقائق وأوهام، وأن المدى الكبير في التغيرات الثقافية والاقتصادية الناجمة عن العولمة جعل الكثير من المفكرين يتوقعون حدوث تغيرات عميقة في نظم التعليم الجامعي، وزيادة الوعي بالثقافات الاخرى، وتتمثل سمات العولمة في ظواهر جديدة.
من أهم برامج العولمة التي تطبق على الدول النامية وهي برامج تسمى التصحيح الاقتصادي والمتمثلة في إلغاء دعم المواد الغذائية الأساسية (مقل الأرز والدقيق والسكر والحليب)، ورفع الدعم عن التعليم العالي، وتخفيض الجمارك على سلع ومواد لا تهم الفقراء، وفرض ضرائب إضافية، والمتضررون منها الفقراء وليس الاغنياء، مثل ضريبة المبيعات، ورفع الدعم عن خدمات النقل، والسماح بملكية المستثمر الأجنبي 100% من رأس المشروع.
السماح في بيع أسهم القطاع العام الحكومي (تحت مسمى البحث عن شريك استراتيجي) وهذا يمثل الخطر على الاقتصاد الوطني في الدول النامية وخاصة سيطرة رأس المال الأجنبي على المصادر الطبيعية.
تحول القطاع الخاص في الدول النامية إلى جهاز كمبرودوريسماته الاحتكار والتوسع التجاري)، وهم هذا الجهاز الربح ولو على حساب تطور المجتمعات النامية، كما أن العولمة إدت إلى ارتفاع المديونية في العالم، النامي إلى ثلاثة أو أربعة أو خمسة أضعاف، تضاعف أعداد العاطلين عن العمل وخاصة خريجي الجامعات.
كذلك العمل على إسقاط القواعد المستقرة في سياسة العلاقات الدولية التي بدأت هذه العلاقات تدخل تحت الإشراف المباشر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. كذلك تزايد تفاقم الأزمات السياسة والاقتصادية في كثير من المناطق مثل المنطقة العربية.
كذلك تهميش وإضعاف منظمات مثل دول عدم الانحياز، منظمة الدول الافريقية، الجامعة العربية، منظمة الدول الاسلامية، وكافة المنظمات الاقليمية التي نشأت إبان مرحلة الحرب الباردة.
أهداف العولمة:
الوصول إلى سوق عالمي مفتوح، بدون حواجز جمركية أو قيود مادية أو عوازل عرقية، أي الوصول إلى جعل العالم وحدة واحدة، وتحقيق الأمن من أجل التصدي لأي خطر يهدد الاستقرار العام العالمي، وتعميق الاحساس بالانسانية البشرية وصولا إلى عالم إنساني حيث يبعث رؤية جديدة فاعلة لجميع البشر بإختلاف أجناسهم وشعوبهم ودولهم.
أهداف وخصائص العولمة:
تقوم الشركات متعددة الجنسيات بالسيطرة على اقتصاديات العالم وهي تحاول اختصار حوالي 30,000 شركة متعددة الجنسيات إلى 500 شركة كبرى حول العالم. إيراد هذه الشركات يعادل حوالي 41% من الانتاج الاجمالي العالمي، وأن 424 من هذه الشركات تعود ملكيتها إلى مجموعة الدول الصناعية السبع الكبرى (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، اليابان، كندا، فرنسا، المملكة المتحدة، ألمانيا، إيطاليا)، من أهم خصائص العولمة السيطرة السياسية والعسكرية والاقتصادية والسيطرة على وسائل الاتصال والتكنولوجيا الحديثة، (قيام وكالة الأمن القومي في الولايات المتحدة بالتجسس على حوالي 35 من القادة على مستوى العالم وأكثر من 60 مليون مكالمة هاتفية من بينها دول أوروبية وهذا أثار ردود فعل غاضبة من الدول الأوروبية وعلى رأسها رئيسة الوزراء الألمانية أنجيلا ميركل حيث كانت هدفا لعمليات التجسس منذ عام 2002 وحتى عام 2010.
آثار العولمة على سيادة الدولة في النظام السياسي في الدول النامية، هو نظام مهمش وفق شروط الهيمنة الأمريكية التي جعلت دور الدولة في بلدان العالم النامي (العالم الثالث) يقتصر على الجانب الأمني لحماية المصالح الرأسمالية، نشاهد أيضا تراجع دور الدولة الوطني والاجتماعي، وزيادة المصالح الكمبرودورية تحت اسم الانفتاح والخصخصة، مما أدى إلى تفكك الروابط الوطنية وشبه انهيار المجتمع الداخلي الذي يعبر عنه بإعادة تجديد مظاهر التخلف، وظهور فجوات الفقر المدقع.
كان من النتائج الناجمة عن اندماج البلدان النامية في العولمة تشير إلى ارتفاع رصيد ديون البلدان الناميى بشكل دراماتيكي من 2200 مليار دولار عام 1997، وصلت إلى ما يقارب من2,5 تريليون دولار عام 2004.
الأمن الغذائي:
في عقدي الخمسينيات والستينيات من القرن العشرين، حصل تداخل بين مفهوم الأمن الغذائي مع مفهوم الاكتفاء الذاتي الذي تبين في ما بعد ومع الوقت أن الاكتفاء الذاتي الكامل غير ممكن.
الأمان الغذائي الذي يمثل جميع الظروف والمعايير الضرورية خلال عمليات انتاج وتصنيع وتخزين وإعداد الغذاء خلال عمليات انتاج وتصنيع وتخزين وإعداد الغذاء لضمان أن يكون الغذاء آمنا وملائما للاستهلاك البشري.
موضوع النقص الغذائي يعتمد على التكافل بين المجتمع والمجال الاقتصادي، ويتحدد استحقاق الاسرة في الغذاء نتيجة:
أولا: الرصيد المملوك من الأرض
ثانيا: المصدر التكنولوجي وإتاحة المعرفة لدى العاملين في الأرض
ثالثا: تحديد الاسعار
مالتوس 1798
توماس روبرت مالتوس 1766 – 1834 ، هو باحث سكاني واقتصادي سياسي انجليزي.
An Essay on the Principles of Population
آراء مالتوس حول السكان وعن حتمية النقص في المواد الغذائية بالنسبة لزيادة السكان، إذ يعتبر أن عدد السكان يزيد وفق متوالية هندسية، بينما يزيد الانتاج الزراعي وفق متوالية حسابية مما سيؤدي حتما إلى نقص الغذاء والسكن.